This paper presents an ethical framework designed to support the development of critical data literacy for research methods courses and data training programmes in higher education. The framework we present draws upon our reviews of literature, course syllabi and existing frameworks on data ethics. For this research we reviewed 250 research methods syllabi from across the disciplines, as well as 80 syllabi from data science programmes to understand how or if data ethics was taught. We also reviewed 12 data ethics (...) frameworks drawn from different sectors. Finally, we reviewed an extensive and diverse body of literature about data practices, research ethics, data ethics and critical data literacy, in order to develop a transversal model that can be adopted across higher education. To promote and support ethical approaches to the collection and use of data, ethics training must go beyond securing informed consent to enable a critical understanding of the techno-centric environment and the intersecting hierarchies of power embedded in technology and data. By fostering ethics as a method, educators can enable research that protects vulnerable groups and empower communities. (shrink)

A recent flurry of philosophical research on microaggression suggests that there are various practical and moral reasons why microaggression may be objectionable, including that it can be offensive, cause epistemic harms, express demeaning messages about certain members of our society, and help to reproduce an oppressive social order. Yet little attention has been given to the question of whether microaggression is also epistemically objectionable. This paper aims to further our understanding of microaggression by appealing to recent work on moral encroachment—the (...) idea that knowledge is sensitive to the moral stakes of believing—to argue that microaggression can be irrational in a distinctively epistemic sense, as it can involve relying on an epistemically unwarranted belief. This view suggests that the notion of epistemic justification may come apart from the notion of epistemic blame. (shrink)

This article presents an impact assessment framework that allows for the evaluation of positive and negative local-level impacts that have resulted from "responsible trade" interventions such as fair trade and ethical trade. The framework investigates impact relating to (1) livelihood impacts on primary stakeholders; (2) socio-economic impacts on communities; (3) organizational impacts; (4) environmental impacts; (5) policies and institutional impacts; and (6) future prospects. It identifies relevant local-level stakeholders and facilitates the analysis of conflicting interests. The framework was developed in (...) the context of, and is applied in this article to, the fair trade coffee industry in northern Nicaragua. It was designed, however, so that it can be applied across commodity sectors and responsible trade initiatives. It is able to do this by accommodating for differences in the social, environmental, political and institutional contexts of different areas, and by taking into account the distinct nature of an initiative's overall objectives, different levels of intervention, and the full range of stakeholders involved. (shrink)

The "people of knowledge" of traditional Mazatec medicine have preserved until today the ritual use of psilocybin mushrooms as part of their health care systems. The renewed interest in the effect of psilocybin on human consciousness for both therapeutic and recreational purposes usually obviates the historical and cultural background of indigenous peoples, as well as the legitimation of their practices and knowledge. In this article, through the case study of a foreign person who attended a Mazatec ritual specialist to participate (...) in a ritual night ceremony known as velada, we show the importance of approaching research on psychoactive plants and mushrooms from a transdisciplinary and intercultural perspective, so that we can appreciate the profound complexity of the healing processes that take place in traditional indigenous contexts, as well as the limits of recreational uses or exclusively neopositivist and clinical approaches. (shrink)

Journal of Applied Philosophy, EarlyView.

While scholars and policy practitioners often advocate for science and technology transfer as a motor for economic growth, many in Latin America have long warned of the pitfalls of such top-down, North-South transfers. To many in Latin America, scientific aid or cooperation from the North has often reproduced hierarchies that perpetuate dependency. Large astronomy observatories located in Chile – with a high price tag, cutting-edge technology, and seen to answer seemingly arcane research questions – seem ripe for reproducing precisely these (...) kinds of hierarchical relationships. Using data from documents, interviews, and a site visit to Gemini South, one of several large telescopes in Chile, this paper takes a historical perspective to examine how resilient these hierarchical relationships are. Over forty years, astronomy in Chile grew thanks to new policies that fostered cooperation among universities and gave locals privileged access to the telescopes. But the community also grew in ways that reproduced dependency: foreign science benefits significantly, the Chilean state operates in top-down ways, and its support for science leaves it blind to the benefits high-tech telescopes deliver to Chile, which are not linked to export-led growth. The state appears as both an obstacle and an enabler to the growth of a national scientific community. (shrink)

El autor postula que la necesidad creciente de seguridad hunde sus raíces en un cambio general en la manera de percibir la realidad, a partir de una crisis de sentido producto de las múltiples muertes de proyectos y concepciones. Por otro lado, el crecimiento económico sin equidad se ha convertido en fuente de inseguridad. Con todo, se afirma que existe una construcción cultural del miedo, el que luego se administra desde dispositivos de seguridad. Se explica finalmente el tránsito de la (...) seguridad nacional a la seguridad ciudadana. (shrink)

In this commentary to Leal (2013), we argue that the memorization of the names and symbols of the chemical elements is necessary in the study of that topic because this task is the key for the later understanding of the Periodic Table. We can make the memorization task in an enjoyable, but effective way, using some educational games in chemistry class. Some recent puzzles, card games, mnemonics rules or games based on drawings to learn the chemical elements are addressed in (...) this paper. (shrink)

Resumen: El presente ensayo se propone leer desde el concepto de urgencia, algunas de las reescrituras de Antígona en Latinoamérica que se han configurado en torno a procesos de violencia y desapariciones forzadas. Constata, asimismo, la vigencia de la tragedia de Sófocles que se reinventa en la escena contemporánea, bajo la forma de dispositivos capaces de una afectación política tejida como poéticas de la sensibilidad. La urgencia se presenta como impulso creador que los dispositivos elaboran como acontecimiento teatral y aparece (...) no como premura si no como un espacio para la acción, el que no está sujeto a la concepción racional o productiva del tiempo.: This essay aims to read from the concept of urgency, some of the rewrites of Antigone in Latin America that have been configured around processes of violence and forced disappearances. It also confirms the current relevance of the tragedy of Sophocles that is reinvented in the contemporary scene, in the form of devices capable of reaching a political dimension through a poetic of sensitivity. The urgency is presented as a creative impulse that the devices elaborate as a theatrical event and appears not as a rush but as a space for action, which is not subject to the rational or productive conception of time. (shrink)

El presente ensayo se propone leer desde el concepto de urgencia, algunas de las reescrituras de Antígona en Latinoamérica que se han configurado en torno a procesos de violencia y desapariciones forzadas. Constata, asimismo, la vigencia de la tragedia de Sófocles que se reinventa en la escena contemporánea, bajo la forma de dispositivos capaces de una afectación política tejida como poéticas de la sensibilidad. La urgencia se presenta como impulso creador que los dispositivos elaboran como acontecimiento teatral y aparece no (...) como premura si no como un espacio para la acción, el cual no está sujeto a la concepción racional o productiva del tiempo. (shrink)

Jane Arden’s debut feature film The Other Side of the Underneath is an adaptation of the radical feminist play A New Communion for Freaks, Prophets and Witches. In both the play and the later film, the all-female cast re-enact personal and archetypal situations using autobiographical material, which was collectively gathered from group therapy sessions led by the director. Psychedelic drugs were also consumed during the group therapy sessions. In this article, I will situate Arden’s distinct approach to performance in the (...) film within the framework of psychodrama, focusing specifically on the role that psychedelic drugs play in unleashing performers’ repressed feelings of trauma, rage, and desire; these emotions are harnessed into a dynamic mode of performance that amplifies the cathartic possibilities of women’s speech. The film’s heady brew of radical feminist politics, group therapy, and countercultural self-actualisation is both challenging and contentious. I argue that Arden’s pursuit of consciousness liberation through psychodrama and psychedelics—in other words, through ‘raising’ and ‘expanding’ consciousness—is best understood as a concerted attempt to align countercultural and radical feminist tactics for unravelling repressive forms of social conditioning. (shrink)

We welcome Blumenthal-Barby’s et al. (2022) plaidoyer for the integration of philosophy in bioethics because of a perceived mutual benefit. Drawing on experience from a collaborative project, funde...

The CRISPR system for gene editing can break, repair, and replace targeted sections of DNA. Although CRISPR gene editing has important therapeutic potential, it raises several ethical concerns. Some bioethicists worry CRISPR is a prelude to a dystopian future, while others maintain it should not be feared because it is analogous to past biotechnologies. In the scientific literature, CRISPR is often discussed as a revolutionary technology. In this paper we unpack the framing of CRISPR as a revolutionary technology and contrast (...) it with framing it as a value-threatening biotechnology or business-as-usual. By drawing on a comparison between CRISPR and the Ford Model T, we argue CRISPR is revolutionary as a product, process, and as a force for social change. This characterization of CRISPR offers important conceptual clarity to the existing debates surrounding CRISPR. In particular, conceptualizing CRISPR as a revolutionary technology structures regulatory goals with respect to this new technology. Revolutionary technologies have characteristic patterns of implementation, entrenchment, and social impact. As such, early identification of technologies as revolutionary may help construct more nuanced and effective ethical frameworks for public policy. (shrink)

Targeted modifications of the human epigenome, epigenome editing (EE), are around the corner. For EE, techniques similar to genome editing (GE) techniques are used. While in GE the genetic information is changed by directly modifying DNA, intervening in the epigenome requires modifying the configuration of DNA, for example, how it is folded. This does not come with alterations in the base sequence (‘genetic code’). To date, there is almost no ethical debate about EE, whereas the discussions about GE are voluminous. (...) Our article introduces EE into bioethics by translating knowledge from science to ethics and by comparing the risks of EE with those of GE. We, first (I), make the case that a broader ethical debate on EE is due, provide scientific background on EE, compile potential use-cases and recap previous debates. We then (II) compare EE and GE and suggest that the severity of risks of novel gene technologies depends on three factors: (i) the choice of an ex vivo versus an in vivo editing approach, (ii) the time of intervention and intervention windows and (iii) the targeted diseases. Moreover, we show why germline EE is not effective and reject the position of strong epigenetic determinism. We conclude that EE is not always ethically preferable to GE in terms of risks, and end with suggestions for next steps in the current ethical debate on EE by briefly introducing ethical challenges of new areas of preventive applications of EE (III). (shrink)

El presente artículo se propone analizar, de acuerdo con Heidegger, el problema del conocimiento y la relación y modo de ser entre sujeto y objeto que subyace en éste, esbozando, para ello, un lineamiento general de las tesis constitutivas y presupuestos básicos que han operado en su tematización a lo largo de la tradición metafísica filosófica. Se tomará por referencia la etapa del primer Heidegger y la analítica-existencial del Dasein como base desde la cual observamos el fenómeno del conocer. _Palabras (...) Clave_: Heidegger – Fenomenología – Conocimiento – Sujeto. (shrink)

A pesar de que Max Horkheimer en Eclipse de la razón había analizado los límites de la razón subjetiva, atendien- do a las posibilidades de retornar a la razón objetiva y a su función después del eclipse, a Jay le parecían aún insuficientes estas respuestas. Por ello, regresó al estudio de las conceptualizaciones filosóficas de los fundadores de la teoría crítica y de quienes se quedaron a cargo del Instituto de Investigación Social en Frankfurt. En este sentido, este texto podría (...) verse en continuidad y a distancia respecto a su primer li- bro: Dialectical Imagination. A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950 (1973); producto de su trabajo de doctorado, enfocado en la formación del Instituto de Investigación Social; en sus principales integrantes: Herbert Marcuse, Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Leo Löwenthal, Walter Benjamin,Franz Neumann, Otto Kirchheimer, Henryk Grossmann, Erich Fromm, Karl August Wittfogel; en la integra- ción del psicoanálisis; en su exilio a América; en los estudios empíricos sobre el autoritarismo, la estética y la industria cultural. (shrink)

To date, no definition of life has been unequivocally accepted by the scientific community. In frustration, some authors advocate alternatives to standard definitions. These include using a list of characteristic features, focusing on life’s effects, or categorizing biospheres rather than life itself; treating life as a fuzzy category, a process or a cluster of contingent properties; or advocating a ‘wait-and-see’ approach until other examples of life are created or discovered. But these skeptical, operational, and pluralistic approaches have intensified the debate, (...) rather than settled it. Given the failure of even these approaches, we advocate a new strategy. In this paper, we reverse the usual line of reasoning and argue that the “life problem” arises from thinking incorrectly about the nature of life. Scientists most often conceptualize life as a class or kind, with earthly life as a single instance of it. Instead, we advocate thinking about Earth’s Life as an individual, in the way that species are now thought to be. In this view, Life is a monophyletic clade that originated with a last universal common ancestor, and includes all its descendants. We can continue to use the category ‘life’ pragmatically to refer to similarities between various phenomena and Life. But the relevant similarities are a matter of interest and preference, not a matter of fact. The search for other life in the Universe, then, is merely a search for entities that resemble parts of Life in whatever sense astrobiologists find most appealing. This does not mean that the search for evolved complexity elsewhere in the universe or its creation in the lab are futile endeavors, but that debates over whether they count as ‘life’ are. Ironically, finally abandoning the concept ‘life’ may make our searches for evolved complexity more fruitful. We explain why. (shrink)

En el ámbito de las investigaciones educativas se da una convergencia de estudios de diferentes aspectos de la realidad social. Cuando consideramos los principios filosóficos que fundamentan la ética de las investigaciones educativas se puede afirmar que la orientación de estas es, por una parte, la orientación del saber hacia un fin bueno, y por otra, asegurar un conocimiento científico. En ambos casos, lo que está en juego es la relación del investigador educativo con la población en estudio. En función (...) de aclarar los supuestos que debe conocer el investigador, haremos una exposición de los principios filosóficos sobre los que se fundamentan los principios éticos de la investigación, y luego, caracterizamos la investigación educativa con especial atención en su aplicación para la investigación con niños y adolescentes. Será necesario tener en cuenta el papel de las políticas en públicas para asegurar lo que consideramos el fin específico de esta investigación, a saber, que el investigador, en tanto que responsable del mejoramiento de la vida de las personas, asegure el bienestar de los sujetos de la investigación científica. (shrink)

En la visión del autor, la modernidad lleva en su interior la diferencia, y es por esto, que su articulación es un proceso conflictivo. Señala que el paso del discurso del cuerpo social de la modernidad al cuerpo fragmentado de la época actual no produce consensos, y que el paso del discurso unitario de lo social a la fragmentación de los discursos no implica el fin de los conflictos, sólo instaura una nueva época para los mismos. En este planteamiento, recorre (...) los problemas del presente y los desafíos del futuro, y reseña una cartografía de características que dé cuenta del discurso fragmentario. (shrink)

La Filosofía Latinoamericana nació con el conflicto acerca de lo propio y lo ajeno, es decir una filosofía que hizo de su propio estatuto de posibilidad el contenido a desarrollar. Por tanto, un pensamiento que alejado de los cánones metafísicos y epistemológicos propios del occidente europeo, se ha jugado desde sus comienzos por contestar las dos preguntas fundamentales para nuestra región ¿Qué somos? y ¿Qué podemos ser en el orden mundial? Con toda la carga política e identitaria que estas preguntas (...) llevan tras de sí. El presente artículo pretende dar cuenta de ese ideario desde los emancipadores y los positivistas de fines del siglo XIX hasta la filosofía revolucionarista de los años sesenta. (shrink)

This article names some of the human under standings and ways of being that are fundamental to teaching and learning, which new educational tech nologies, especially the computer, tend to remake, reduce, or replace altogether in K-12 classrooms. The article asks questions and tells stories about students, teachers, and the authors themselves using computers for educational purposes, investigating three particular uses of technology in detail. The authors argue that new educational technologies change the meaning of words common to teachers' vocabularies, (...) especially words such as classroom community, knowing, and coming to know. The authors also argue that human senses used in learning are nullified, if not assaulted, by new educational technologies. (shrink)

Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) served as a test case for determining the role of extant vocabulary knowledge, endogenous attention, and phonological working memory abilities in cross-situational word learning. First-graders (Mage = 7 years; 3 months), 44 with typical development (TD) and 28 with DLD, completed a cross-situational word-learning task comprised six cycles, followed by retention tests and independent assessments of attention, memory, and vocabulary. Children with DLD scored lower than those with TD on all measures of learning and (...) retention, a performance gap that emerged in the first cycle of the cross-situational protocol and that we attribute to weaknesses in initial encoding. Over cycles, children with DLD learned words at a similar rate as their TD peers but they were less flexible in their strategy use, demonstrating a propose-but-verify approach but never a statistical aggregation approach. Also, they drew upon different mechanisms to support their learning. Attention played a greater role for the children with DLD, whereas extant vocabulary size played a greater role for the children with TD. Children navigate the problem space of cross-situational learning via varied routes. This conclusion is offered as motivation for theorists to capture all learners, not just the most typical ones. (shrink)

Dupras and Bunnik’s strong statement against the normative approach of genetic exceptionalism, which can no longer be justified in the midst of multi-omic research, is of great importance fo...

Is it possible to know anything about life we have not yet encountered? We know of only one example of life: our own. Given this, many scientists are inclined to doubt that any principles of Earth’s biology will generalize to other worlds in which life might exist. Let’s call this the “N = 1 problem.” By comparison, we expect the principles of geometry, mechanics, and chemistry would generalize. Interestingly, each of these has predictable consequences when applied to biology. The surface-to-volume (...) property of geometry, for example, limits the size of unassisted cells in a given medium. This effect is real, precise, universal, and predictive. Furthermore, there are basic problems all life must solve if it is to persist, such as resistance to radiation, faithful inheritance, and energy regulation. If these universal problems have a limited set of possible solutions, some common outcomes must consistently emerge. In this chapter, I discuss the N = 1 problem, its implications, and my response (Mariscal 2014). I hold that our current knowledge of biology can justify believing certain generalizations as holding for life anywhere. Life on Earth may be our only example of life, but this is only a reason to be cautious in our approach to life in the universe, not a reason to give up altogether. In my account, a candidate biological generalization is assessed by the assumptions it makes. A claim is accepted only if its justification includes principles of evolution, but no contingent facts of life on Earth. (shrink)

On pp. 47-51, "Fifth Scenario: The Nazi and His Jew", discusses Adorno's theory of mimesis applied to the phenomenon of Nazi antisemitism. Influenced by Freud's theory, Adorno discussed in "Dialektik der Aufklärung" (1947) the Nazi phobic and distorted image of the Jew. In Adorno's interpretation, the imaginary portrait of the Jew created by the Nazis is in fact their self-portrait, expressing their longing for unlimited power and identification with an imaginary aggressor in order to be themselves the real aggressor.

This article focuses on emergency medical care in black urban populations, suggesting that the classification of a "community" within clinical trial language is problematic. The article references a cultural history of black Americans with pre-hospital emergency medical treatment as relevant to contemporary emergency medicine paradigms. Part I explores a relationship between "autonomy" and "community." The idea of community emerges as a displacement for the ethical principle of autonomy precisely at the moment that institutionalized medicine focuses on diversity. Part II examines (...) a clinical trial for the blood substitute PolyHeme® (Northfield Laboratories, Inc., Evanston, IL). It illustrates the ways in which bias in research paradigms and Institutional Review Board decisions attach to the notion and utility of the language of "community." The conclusion's contemporary anecdote makes apparent the vitality of the issues of prehospital emergency medical care and the ways in which decisions and practices fall too easily into a narrative of culturally biased treatment. (shrink)

Targeted modifications of the human epigenome, epigenome editing (EE), are around the corner. For EE, techniques similar to genome editing (GE) techniques are used. While in GE the genetic information is changed by directly modifying DNA, intervening in the epigenome requires modifying the configuration of DNA, for example, how it is folded. This does not come with alterations in the base sequence (‘genetic code’). To date, there is almost no ethical debate about EE, whereas the discussions about GE are voluminous. (...) Our article introduces EE into bioethics by translating knowledge from science to ethics and by comparing the risks of EE with those of GE. We, first (I), make the case that a broader ethical debate on EE is due, provide scientific background on EE, compile potential use-cases and recap previous debates. We then (II) compare EE and GE and suggest that the severity of risks of novel gene technologies depends on three factors: (i) the choice of an ex vivo versus an in vivo editing approach, (ii) the time of intervention and intervention windows and (iii) the targeted diseases. Moreover, we show why germline EE is not effective and reject the position of strong epigenetic determinism. We conclude that EE is not always ethically preferable to GE in terms of risks, and end with suggestions for next steps in the current ethical debate on EE by briefly introducing ethical challenges of new areas of preventive applications of EE (III). (shrink)

O marketing esportivo, que movimenta bilhões de dólares em todo o mundo, assumiu um novo perfil com a entrada em campo das mídias sociais. A gestão das marcas nestes espaços virtuais exige agilidade, pró-atividade e sobretudo disposição para interagir com os consumidores. Este estudo analisa as estratégias da Nike e da Adidas no Facebook e no Twitter durante a realização da Copa do Mundo de 2014 no Brasil e conclui que, apesar da tradicional agressividade das marcas no mercado, a apropriação (...) deste espaço ainda se faz de modo tímido e nem sempre adequado pela ausência de uma cultura digital de comunicação. (shrink)

La ira interior, la tristeza, el disgusto, el nerviosismo, la impotencia, más que conceptos, son en realidad sentimientos que por carne propia podemos experimentar, además de ser constantes dentro de nuestra vida anímica, incluso más que el sentido de gozo y placer, que tanto buscamos dentro de nuestras actividades ordinarias. Sin embargo, al experimentar estas emociones en sí mismas parecen no generar algún problema mayor. El problema mismo viene en la acción para poder colmar estas intensas emociones que muchas veces (...) se presentan dentro de nosotros mismos “como criterio el dolor es inmutable, variable es, en cambio, el modo y manera como el ser humano se enfrenta a él”. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se pretende dar cuenta de cómo opera el hábito en el cuerpo de las mujeres, particularmente con respecto a la relación amorosa heterosexual-patriarcal. Para ello, se recurrirá a Simone de Beauvoir y a Jean Paul Sartre, desde ahí explicar a qué nos referimos con cuerpo. También se tomará la noción de hábito de Pierre Bourdieu para señalar el orden simbólico patriarcal en las relaciones amorosas sexo-afectivas. En cuanto al abordaje de la idea del amor, se realizará (...) un recorrido histórico a partir del desarrollo de Marcela Lagarde, así como de su concepto de cautiverio, y, finalmente, apuntaremos algunas consideraciones de la ética del placer de Graciela Hierro a modo de conclusión. Palabras clave: hábito, cuerpo, relación amorosa, orden simbólico patriarcal, violencia simbólica. (shrink)